Alpha Synuclein Pre-formed Fibrils

Human Recombinant Alpha Synuclein PFFs (Type 2)

Catalog No. SPR-317

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Expression System E. coli
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SKU: SPR-317 Category:

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SPR-317_Alpha-Synuclein-Preformed-Fibrils-Protein-TEM-4.png
TEM of Type 2 Alpha Synuclein Pre-formed Fibrils (PFFs) (SPR-317)Alpha Synuclein Pre-formed Fibrils (PFF), Type 1 (cat#SPR-322) and Type 2 (cat#SPR-317) do have small secondary structure differences.SDS-Page of Type 2 Human Recombinant Alpha Synuclein Protein Pre-formed Fibrils (SPR-317)Type 2 alpha synuclein Pre-formed fibrils (SPR-317) do not seed the formation of new alpha synuclein fibrils from the pool of alpha synuclein monomers (SPR-321) at the same rate as Type 1 alpha synuclein Pre-formed fibrils (SPR-322) as shown by lower fluorescence intensity values of Thioflavin T over time.Primary rat hippocampal neurons show lewy body inclusion formation when treated with Type 1 Alpha Synuclein Protein Pre-formed Fibrils (SPR-322) (D-F), but not when treated with Type 2 Alpha Synuclein Protein Pre-formed Fibrils (SPR-317) (A-C).Toxicity results comparing Active Human Recombinant Alpha Synuclein Pre-formed Fibrils (Type 2) and Active Human Recombinant Alpha Synuclein Pre-formed Fibrils (Type 1)LDH assay shows effect of alpha synuclein PFFs on mouse primary neuronsMTT assay effects of alpha synuclein PFFs on mouse primary neurons
Product Name Alpha Synuclein Pre-formed Fibrils
Description

Human Recombinant Alpha Synuclein PFFs (Type 2)
Applications WB, SDS-PAGE, In vivo assay, In vitro assay
Concentration 2 mg/mL
Conjugates No tag
Dylight 488
Overview:

  • High fluorescence yield
  • High photostability
  • Less pH-sensitive
  • Excellent batch-to-batch reproducibility
  • Stringently QC tested
  • Molecular weight: 1011 g/mol

Dylight 488 Datasheet

 Dylight 488 Fluorophore Absorption and Emission Spectrum Optical Properties:

λex = 493 nm

λem = 518 nm

εmax = 7.0×104

Laser = 488 nm

 

APC/Cy7
Overview:

  • High quantum yield
  • Excellent batch-to-batch reproducibility
  • Stringently QC tested

APC-Cy7 Datasheet

 

 ACP-Cy7 Fluorophore Absorption and Emission Spectrum Optical Properties:

λex = 652 nm

λem = 790 nm

Laser = 594 or 633 nm

 

 

  Dylight 350
Overview:

  • High fluorescence intensity
  • High photostability
  • Less pH-sensitive
  • Excellent solubility in water
  • Stringently QC tested
  • Excellent batch-to-batch reproducibility
  • Molecular weight: 874 g/mol

Dylight 350 Datasheet

 Dylight 350 Fluorophore Absorption and Emission Spectrum Optical Properties:

λex = 353 nm

λem = 432 nm

εmax = 1.5×104

 

 

  Dylight 405
Overview:

  • High fluorescence intensity
  • High photostability
  • Less pH-sensitive
  • Excellent batch-to-batch reproducibility
  • Stringently QC tested
  • Molecular weight: 793 g/mol

Dylight 405 Datasheet

 Dylight 405 Fluorophore Absorption and Emission Spectrum Optical Properties:

λex = 400 nm

λem = 420 nm

εmax = 3.0×104

Laser = 405 nm

 

Dylight 594
Overview:

  • High fluorescence yield
  • High photostability
  • Less pH-sensitive
  • Excellent batch-to-batch reproducibility
  • Stringently QC tested
  • Molecular weight: 1078 g/mol

Dylight 594 Datasheet

 Dylight 594 Fluorophore Absorption and Emission Spectrum Optical Properties:

λex = 593 nm

λem = 618 nm

εmax = 8.0×104

Laser = 526 nm

 

 Dylight 633
Overview:

  • High fluorescence yield
  • High photostability
  • Less pH-sensitive
  • Excellent batch-to-batch reproducibility
  • Stringently QC tested
  • Molecular weight: 1066 g/mol

Dylight 633 Datasheet

 Dylight 633 Fluorophore Absorption and Emission Spectrum Optical Properties:

λex = 638 nm

λem = 658 nm

εmax = 1.7×105

Laser = 633 nm

 

 PerCP 
Overview:

  • Peridinin-Chlorophyll-Protein Complex
  • Small phycobiliprotein
  • Isolated from red algae
  • Large stokes shift (195 nm)
  • Molecular Weight: 35 kDa
  • Applications: The listed applications provide a general overview of potential uses for conjugated antibodies. However, they do not guarantee that every antibody-conjugate combination has been tested or validated for these specific applications.

PerCP Datasheet

  PerCP Fluorophore Absorption and Emission Spectrum Optical Properties:

λex = 482 nm

λem = 677 nm

εmax = 1.96 x 106

Laser = 488 nm

 

 PE/ATTO 594
PE/ATTO 594 is a tandem conjugate, where PE is excited at 535 nm and transfers energy to ATTO 594 via FRET (fluorescence resonance energy transfer), which emits at 627 nm.
Overview:

  • High fluorescence yield
  • High photostability
  • Very hydrophilic
  • Excellent solubility in water
  • Very little aggregation

PE/ATTO 594 Datasheet

 PE-ATTO 594 Fluorophore Conjugate Excitation and Emission Spectra Optical Properties:

λex = 535 nm

λem = 627 nm

Laser = 488 to 561 nm

 

  FITC (Fluorescein)
Overview:

  • Excellent fluorescence quantum yield
  • High rate of photobleaching
  • Good solubility in water
  • Broad emission spectrum
  • pH dependent spectra
  • Molecular formula: C20H12O5
  • Molar mass: 332.3 g/mol
  • Applications: The listed applications provide a general overview of potential uses for conjugated antibodies. However, they do not guarantee that every antibody-conjugate combination has been tested or validated for these specific applications.

FITC-Fluorescent-conjugate

 FITC Fluorescein Fluorophore Excitation and Emission Spectra Optical Properties:

λex = 494 nm

λem = 520 nm

εmax = 7.3×104

Φf = 0.92

τfl = 5.0 ns

Brightness = 67.2

Laser = 488 nm

Filter set = FITC

 

 ATTO 700
Overview:

  • High fluorescence yield
  • Excellent thermal and photostability
  • Quenched by electron donors
  • Very hydrophilic
  • Good solubility in polar solvents
  • Zwitterionic dye
  • Molar Mass: 575 g/mol

ATTO 700 Datasheet

  ATTO 700 Fluorophore Absorption and Emission Spectrum Optical Properties:

λex = 700 nm

λem = 719 nm

εmax = 1.25×105

Φf = 0.25

τfl = 1.6 ns

Brightness = 31.3

Laser = 676 nm

Filter set = Cy®5.5

 

 ATTO 680
Overview:

  • High fluorescence yield
  • Excellent thermal and photostability
  • Quenched by electron donors
  • Very hydrophilic
  • Good solubility in polar solvents
  • Zwitterionic dye
  • Molar Mass: 631 g/mol

ATTO 680 Datasheet

  ATTO 680 Fluorophore Absorption and Emission Spectrum Optical Properties:

λex = 680 nm

λem = 700 nm

εmax = 1.25×105

Φf = 0.30

τfl = 1.7 ns

Brightness = 37.5

Laser = 633 – 676 nm

Filter set = Cy®5.5

 

 ATTO 655
Overview:

  • High fluorescence yield
  • High thermal and photostability
  • Excellent ozone resistance
  • Quenched by electron donors
  • Very hydrophilic
  • Good solubility in polar solvents
  • Zwitterionic dye
  • Molar Mass: 634 g/mol

ATTO 655 Datasheet

 ATTO 655 Fluorophore Absorption and Emission Spectrum Optical Properties:

λex = 663 nm

λem = 684 nm

εmax = 1.25×105

Φf = 0.30

τfl = 1.8 ns

Brightness = 37.5

Laser = 633 – 647 nm

Filter set = Cy®5

 

 ATTO 633
Overview:

  • High fluorescence yield
  • High thermal and photostability
  • Moderately hydrophilic
  • Good solubility in polar solvents
  • Stable at pH 4 – 11
  • Cationic dye, perchlorate salt
  • Molar Mass: 652.2 g/mol

ATTO 633 Datasheet

 ATTO 633 Fluorophore Absorption and Emission Spectrum Optical Properties:

λex = 629 nm

λem = 657 nm

εmax = 1.3×105

Φf = 0.64

τfl = 3.2 ns

Brightness = 83.2

Laser = 633 nm

Filter set = Cy®5

 

 ATTO 594
Overview:

  • High fluorescence yield
  • High photostability
  • Very hydrophilic
  • Excellent solubility in water
  • Very little aggregation
  • New dye with net charge of -1
  • Molar Mass: 1137 g/mol
  • Applications: The listed applications provide a general overview of potential uses for conjugated antibodies. However, they do not guarantee that every antibody-conjugate combination has been tested or validated for these specific applications.

ATTO 594 Datasheet

  ATTO 594 Fluorophore Excitation and Emission Spectrum Optical Properties:

λex = 601 nm

λem = 627 nm

εmax = 1.2×105

Φf = 0.85

τfl = 3.5 ns

Brightness = 102

Laser = 594 nm

Filter set = Texas Red®

 

 ATTO 565
Overview:

  • High fluorescence yield
  • High thermal and photostability
  • Good solubility in polar solvents
  • Excellent solubility in water
  • Very little aggregation
  • Rhodamine dye derivative
  • Molar Mass: 611 g/mol

ATTO 565 Datasheet

  ATTO 565 Fluorophore Excitation and Emission Spectra Optical Properties:

λex = 563 nm

λem = 592 nm

εmax = 1.2×105

Φf = 0.9

τfl = 3.4 n

Brightness = 10

Laser = 532 nm

Filter set = TRITC

 

  ATTO 488
Overview:

  • High fluorescence yield
  • High photostability
  • Very hydrophilic
  • Excellent solubility in water
  • Very little aggregation
  • New dye with net charge of -1
  • Molar Mass: 804 g/mol
  • Applications: The listed applications provide a general overview of potential uses for conjugated antibodies. However, they do not guarantee that every antibody-conjugate combination has been tested or validated for these specific applications. 

ATTO 488 Datasheet

   ATTO 488 Fluorophore Excitation and Emission Spectra Optical Properties:

λex = 501 nm

λem = 523 nm

εmax = 9.0×104

Φf = 0.80

τfl = 4.1 ns

Brightness = 72

Laser = 488 nm

Filter set = FITC

 

  ATTO 390
Overview:

  • High fluorescence yield
  • Large Stokes-shift (89 nm)
  • Good photostability
  • Moderately hydrophilic
  • Good solubility in polar solvents
  • Coumarin derivate, uncharged
  • Low molar mass: 343.42 g/mol
  • Applications: The listed applications provide a general overview of potential uses for conjugated antibodies. However, they do not guarantee that every antibody-conjugate combination has been tested or validated for these specific applications. 

ATTO 390 Datasheet

 ATTO 390 Fluorescent Dye Excitation and Emission Spectra Optical Properties:

λex = 390 nm

λem = 479 nm

εmax = 2.4×104

Φf = 0.90

τfl = 5.0 ns

Brightness = 21.6

Laser = 365 or 405 nm

 

APC (Allophycocyanin)
Overview:

  • High quantum yield
  • Large phycobiliprotein
  • 6 chromophores per molecule
  • Isolated from red algae
  • Molecular Weight: 105 kDa
  • Applications: The listed applications provide a general overview of potential uses for conjugated antibodies. However, they do not guarantee that every antibody-conjugate combination has been tested or validated for these specific applications.

APC Datasheet

  APC Fluorophore Absorption and Emission Spectrum Optical Properties:

λex = 650 nm

λem = 660 nm

εmax = 7.0×105

Φf = 0.68

Brightness = 476

Laser = 594 or 633 nm

Filter set = Cy®5

 

Streptavidin

Properties:

  • Homo-tetrameric protein purified from Streptomyces avidinii which binds four biotin molecules with extremely high affinity
  • Molecular weight: 53 kDa
  • Formula: C10H16N2O3S
  • Applications: Western blot, immunohistochemistry, and ELISA

Streptavidin Datasheet

BiotinBiotin Conjugate Structure

Properties:

  • Binds tetrameric avidin proteins including Streptavidin and neuravidin with very high affinity
  • Molar mass: 244.31 g/mol
  • Formula: C10H16N2O3S
  • Applications: Western blot, immunohistochemistry, and ELISA*

*The listed applications provide a general overview of potential uses for conjugated antibodies. However, they do not guarantee that every antibody-conjugate combination has been tested or validated for these specific applications.

Biotin Datasheet

HRP (Horseradish peroxidase)

Properties:

  • Enzymatic activity is used to amplify weak signals and increase visibility of a target
  • Readily combines with hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) to form HRP-H2O2 complex which can oxidize various hydrogen donors
  • Catalyzes the conversion of:
    • Chromogenic substrates (e.g. TMB, DAB, ABTS) into coloured products
    • Chemiluminescent substrates (e.g. luminol and isoluminol) into light emitting products via enhanced chemiluminescence (ECL)
    • Fluorogenic substrates (e.g. tyramine, homovanillic acid, and 4-hydroxyphenyl acetic acid) into fluorescent products
  • High turnover rate enables rapid generation of a strong signal
  • 44 kDa glycoprotein
  • Extinction coefficient: 100 (403 nm)
  • Applications: Western blot, immunohistochemistry, and ELISA*
    • *The listed applications provide a general overview of potential uses for conjugated antibodies. However, they do not guarantee that every antibody-conjugate combination has been tested or validated for these specific applications.

HRP Datasheet

AP (Alkaline Phosphatase)

Properties:

  • Broad enzymatic activity for phosphate esters of alcohols, amines, pyrophosphate, and phenols
  • Commonly used to dephosphorylate the 5’-termini of DNA and RNA to prevent self-ligation
  • Catalyzes the conversion of:
    • Chromogenic substrates (e.g. pNPP, naphthol AS-TR phosphate, BCIP) into coloured products
    • Fluorogenic substrates (e.g. 4-methylumbelliferyl phosphate) into fluorescent products
  • Molecular weight: 140 kDa
  • Applications: Western blot, immunohistochemistry, and ELISA

AP Datasheet

  R-PE (R-Phycoerythrin)
Overview:

  • Broad excitation spectrum
  • High quantum yield
  • Photostable
  • Member of the phycobiliprotein family
  • Isolated from red algae
  • Excellent solubility in water
  • Molecular Weight: 250 kDa

 

  • Applications: The listed applications provide a general overview of potential uses for conjugated antibodies. However, they do not guarantee that every antibody-conjugate combination has been tested or validated for these specific applications.

R-PE Datasheet

  R-PE Fluorophore Excitation and Emission Spectra Optical Properties:

λex = 565 nm

λem = 575 nm

εmax = 2.0×106

Φf = 0.84

Brightness = 1.68 x 103

Laser = 488 to 561 nm

Filter set = TRITC

 
Nature Recombinant
Species Human
Expression System E. coli
Amino Acid Sequence MDVFMKGLSK AKEGVVAAAE KTKQGVAEAA GKTKEGVLYV GSKTKEGVVH GVATVAEKTK EQVTNVGGAV VTGVTAVAQK TVEGAGSIAA ATGFVKKDQL GKNEEGAPQE GILEDMPVDP DNEAYEMPSE EGYQDYEPEA
Purity >95%
Other Resources Sonication Protocol
Protein Length Full Length
Protein Size ~14.46 kDa
Biological Activity Does not induce Lewy body inclusion formation in Sprague-Dawley rat primary hippocampal neurons. Thioflavin T emission curve shows only a small increase in fluorescence (indicative of alpha synuclein aggregation) when Type 2 alpha synuclein PFFs (SPR-317) are combined with alpha synuclein monomers (SPR-321 or SPR-316). Certain biological activities in other neuronal cells cannot be ruled out. Researchers should test compatibility prior to use.
Field of Use Not for use in humans. Not for use in diagnostics or therapeutics. For in vitro research use only.

Properties

Storage Buffer PBS pH 7.4
Storage Temperature -80ºC
Shipping Temperature Dry Ice. Shipping note: Product will be shipped separately from other products purchased in the same order.
Purification Ion-exchange Purified
Cite This Product Human Recombinant Alpha Synuclein Pre-formed Fibrils (StressMarq Biosciences | Victoria, BC CANADA | Catalog# SPR-317)
Certificate of Analysis Certified 95% pure using SDS-PAGE analysis. Made with low endotoxin monomer.
Other Relevant Information For best results, sonicate immediately prior to use. Refer to the Neurodegenerative Protein Handling Instructions on our website, or the product datasheet for further information. Monomer source is catalog# SPR-316.

Biological Description

Alternative Names Alpha-synuclein, Alpha synuclein, Asyn, SNCA, NACP, PARK1, PARK4, PD1, Synuclein alpha, Non-A beta component of AD amyloid, Non-A4 component of amyloid precursor, Synuclein Alpha-140, SYN, Parkinson's disease familial 1 Protein Protein, Alpha Synuclein PFFs
Research Areas Alzheimer's Disease, Neurodegeneration, Neuroscience, Parkinson's Disease, Synuclein, Tangles & Tau, Multiple System Atrophy
Cellular Localization Cytoplasm, Membrane, Nucleus
Accession Number NP_000336.1
Gene ID 6622
Swiss Prot P37840
Scientific Background Alpha-synuclein (α-syn), a neuronal protein encoded by the SNCA gene, is central to the pathology of synucleinopathies, including Parkinson’s disease (PD), Lewy body dementia (LBD), and multiple system atrophy (MSA). While native α-syn exists primarily as a soluble monomer or tetramer, its misfolded forms can aggregate into pre-formed fibrils (PFFs), which act as potent seeds for pathological propagation.

PFFs mimic the structural characteristics of disease-associated α-syn aggregates found in Lewy bodies and Lewy neurites. When introduced into neural tissue, PFFs initiate a prion-like cascade, converting endogenous α-syn into insoluble fibrils. This process disrupts synaptic function, induces neuroinflammation, and leads to progressive dopaminergic neuron loss—hallmarks of PD and related disorders.

Experimental models using PFF injections have demonstrated accelerated α-syn spreading, cognitive deficits, and transcriptomic changes linked to neurodegeneration. Notably, PFFs trigger alterations in TGFβ signaling, glutamate receptor phosphorylation, and immune activation, revealing molecular pathways that connect α-syn aggregation to dementia.

Understanding the mechanisms by which α-syn PFFs drive neurodegeneration is critical for developing targeted therapies. Strategies aimed at inhibiting fibril formation, blocking intercellular transmission, or enhancing clearance of pathological α-syn hold promise for disease modification. As research advances, α-syn PFFs remain a powerful tool for modeling disease and identifying therapeutic targets in synucleinopathies.
References 1. “Genetics Home Reference: SNCA”. US National Library of Medicine. (2013).
2. Zhang L., et al. (2008) Brain Res. 1244: 40-52.
3. Alim M.A., et al. (2002) J Biol Chem. 277(3): 2112-2117.
4. Kokhan V.S., Afanasyeva M.A., Van'kin G. (2012) Behav. Brain. Res. 231(1): 226-230.
5. Spillantini M.G., et al. (1997) Nature. 388(6645): 839-840.
6. Mezey E., et al. (1998) Nat Med. 4(7): 755-757.

Product Images

<p>SDS-PAGE of ~14 kDa Human Recombinant Alpha Synuclein Protein Pre-formed Fibrils (Type 2) (SPR-317). Lane 1: Molecular Weight Ladder (MW). Lane 2: Alpha Synuclein Protein Pre-formed Fibrils (SPR-317).</p>

SDS-PAGE of ~14 kDa Human Recombinant Alpha Synuclein Protein Pre-formed Fibrils (Type 2) (SPR-317). Lane 1: Molecular Weight Ladder (MW). Lane 2: Alpha Synuclein Protein Pre-formed Fibrils (SPR-317).

<p>Primary rat hippocampal neurons show lewy body inclusion formation when treated with Type 1 Alpha Synuclein Pre-formed Fibrils (SPR-322) at 4 µg/ml (D-F), but not when treated with Type 2 Alpha Synuclein Pre-formed Fibrils (SPR-317) at 4 µg/ml (A-C). Tissue: Primary hippocampal neurons. Species: Sprague-Dawley rat. Fixation: 4% formaldehyde made from PFA. Primary Antibody: Mouse anti-pSer129 Antibody at 1:1000 24 hours at 4°C; Secondary Antibody: FITC Goat Anti-Mouse (green) at 1:700 for 1 hours at RT (B, E). Counterstain: Hoechst (blue) nuclear stain at 1:4000 for 1 hour at RT (A,D). Localization: Lewy body inclusions. Magnification: 20x. C is A and B merged and F is D and E merged.</p>

Primary rat hippocampal neurons show lewy body inclusion formation when treated with Type 1 Alpha Synuclein Pre-formed Fibrils (SPR-322) at 4 µg/ml (D-F), but not when treated with Type 2 Alpha Synuclein Pre-formed Fibrils (SPR-317) at 4 µg/ml (A-C). Tissue: Primary hippocampal neurons. Species: Sprague-Dawley rat. Fixation: 4% formaldehyde made from PFA. Primary Antibody: Mouse anti-pSer129 Antibody at 1:1000 24 hours at 4°C; Secondary Antibody: FITC Goat Anti-Mouse (green) at 1:700 for 1 hours at RT (B, E). Counterstain: Hoechst (blue) nuclear stain at 1:4000 for 1 hour at RT (A,D). Localization: Lewy body inclusions. Magnification: 20x. C is A and B merged and F is D and E merged.

<p>Type 1 alpha synuclein Pre-formed fibrils (SPR-322) seed the formation of new alpha synuclein fibrils from the pool of alpha synuclein monomers (SPR-321). Thioflavin T is a fluorescent dye that binds to beta sheet-rich structures, such as those in alpha synuclein fibrils. Upon binding, the emission spectrum of the dye experiences a red-shift and increased fluorescence intensity. Thioflavin T emission curves show increased fluorescence (correlated to alpha synuclein protein aggregation) over time when 10 µM of Type 1 alpha synuclein Pre-formed fibrils (SPR-322) is combined with 100 µM of alpha synuclein monomer (SPR-321), as compared to when 10 µM of Type 2 alpha synuclein Pre-formed fibrils (SPR-317) is combined with 100 µM of alpha synuclein monomer (SPR-321) or 100 µM of alpha Synuclein monomer (SPR-316). Thioflavin T ex = 450 nm, em = 485 nm. Note: We use molecular weight of 14.46 kDa for both alpha synuclein monomer and fibril in calculations. We load 100µL/well for Thioflavin T assay so 100 µM is 144.6µg/well and 10 µM is 14.46 µg/well.</p>

Type 1 alpha synuclein Pre-formed fibrils (SPR-322) seed the formation of new alpha synuclein fibrils from the pool of alpha synuclein monomers (SPR-321). Thioflavin T is a fluorescent dye that binds to beta sheet-rich structures, such as those in alpha synuclein fibrils. Upon binding, the emission spectrum of the dye experiences a red-shift and increased fluorescence intensity. Thioflavin T emission curves show increased fluorescence (correlated to alpha synuclein protein aggregation) over time when 10 µM of Type 1 alpha synuclein Pre-formed fibrils (SPR-322) is combined with 100 µM of alpha synuclein monomer (SPR-321), as compared to when 10 µM of Type 2 alpha synuclein Pre-formed fibrils (SPR-317) is combined with 100 µM of alpha synuclein monomer (SPR-321) or 100 µM of alpha Synuclein monomer (SPR-316). Thioflavin T ex = 450 nm, em = 485 nm. Note: We use molecular weight of 14.46 kDa for both alpha synuclein monomer and fibril in calculations. We load 100µL/well for Thioflavin T assay so 100 µM is 144.6µg/well and 10 µM is 14.46 µg/well.

<p>TEM of Type 2 Alpha Synuclein Pre-formed Fibrils (PFFs) (SPR-317).</p>

TEM of Type 2 Alpha Synuclein Pre-formed Fibrils (PFFs) (SPR-317).

<p>Toxicity results comparing Active Human Recombinant Alpha Synuclein Pre-formed Fibrils (Type 2) (Catalog No. SPR-317) and Active Human Recombinant Alpha Synuclein Pre-formed Fibrils (Type 1) (Catalog No. SPR-322). Data was graphed after live cell imaging results were obtained using the following procedure: After 8 days in vitro, primary rat mixed cortical neuron cells were washed with 1X PBS and treated with 500 µg/ml of Type 1 and Type 2 Alpha Synuclein Proteins for 20 hours at 37˚C. Following treatements, cells were washed with 2X PBS and incubated with a staining solution (2.0 µM Cell Event + 2.5 µM Ethidium homodimer + 2.5 µg/ml Hoechst 33342 in sterile HBSS) for 30 minutes at 37˚C. The addition of the Type 2 Alpha Synuclein Proteins resulted in a significant increase in cell death.</p>

Toxicity results comparing Active Human Recombinant Alpha Synuclein Pre-formed Fibrils (Type 2) (Catalog No. SPR-317) and Active Human Recombinant Alpha Synuclein Pre-formed Fibrils (Type 1) (Catalog No. SPR-322). Data was graphed after live cell imaging results were obtained using the following procedure: After 8 days in vitro, primary rat mixed cortical neuron cells were washed with 1X PBS and treated with 500 µg/ml of Type 1 and Type 2 Alpha Synuclein Proteins for 20 hours at 37˚C. Following treatements, cells were washed with 2X PBS and incubated with a staining solution (2.0 µM Cell Event + 2.5 µM Ethidium homodimer + 2.5 µg/ml Hoechst 33342 in sterile HBSS) for 30 minutes at 37˚C. The addition of the Type 2 Alpha Synuclein Proteins resulted in a significant increase in cell death.

<p>Evaluation of a-syn toxicity on primary mouse cortical neurons. Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) is a soluble enzyme present in the cytosol that is released upon cell death. Toxicity was assessed with an LDH assay and displayed as % of vehicle control (VC). Data are presented as bar graphs and standard deviation. For statistical analysis One-way ANOVA followed by Bonferroni post-hoc test (vs VC) was used. *** p<0.001. Treatment with Type 2 PFFs did not significantly impact LDH release. Data courtesy of QPS. </p>

Evaluation of a-syn toxicity on primary mouse cortical neurons. Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) is a soluble enzyme present in the cytosol that is released upon cell death. Toxicity was assessed with an LDH assay and displayed as % of vehicle control (VC). Data are presented as bar graphs and standard deviation. For statistical analysis One-way ANOVA followed by Bonferroni post-hoc test (vs VC) was used. *** p<0.001. Treatment with Type 2 PFFs did not significantly impact LDH release. Data courtesy of QPS.

<p>Evaluation of a-syn toxicity on primary mouse cortical neurons. Mitochondrial dehydrogenase activity reduces yellow MTT to dark blue formazan crystals, a reaction catalyzed in living cells. Cell viability was assessed with an MTT assay and displayed as % of vehicle control (VC). Data are presented as bar graphs and standard deviation. For statistical analysis One-way ANOVA followed by Bonferroni post-hoc test (vs VC) was used. ** p<0.01, *** p<0.001. Treatment with Type 2 PFFs reduced cell viability (p<0.001). Data courtesy of QPS. </p>

Evaluation of a-syn toxicity on primary mouse cortical neurons. Mitochondrial dehydrogenase activity reduces yellow MTT to dark blue formazan crystals, a reaction catalyzed in living cells. Cell viability was assessed with an MTT assay and displayed as % of vehicle control (VC). Data are presented as bar graphs and standard deviation. For statistical analysis One-way ANOVA followed by Bonferroni post-hoc test (vs VC) was used. ** p<0.01, *** p<0.001. Treatment with Type 2 PFFs reduced cell viability (p<0.001). Data courtesy of QPS.

<p>UV-CD data suggests StressMarq’s Alpha Synuclein Pre-formed Fibrils (PFF), Type 1 (cat#SPR-322) and Type 2 (cat#SPR-317) both have a high beta sheet/turn content, yet do have small secondary structure differences. StressMarq’s Alpha Synuclein Monomers (cat#SPR-316) show a strong negative signal at 200 nm indicative of a disordered protein state (low secondary structure content). For this experiment, pre-formed fibrils (PFF) were subjected to 10 cycles of sonication prior to UV-CD to ensure solubility prior to measurement.</p>

UV-CD data suggests StressMarq’s Alpha Synuclein Pre-formed Fibrils (PFF), Type 1 (cat#SPR-322) and Type 2 (cat#SPR-317) both have a high beta sheet/turn content, yet do have small secondary structure differences. StressMarq’s Alpha Synuclein Monomers (cat#SPR-316) show a strong negative signal at 200 nm indicative of a disordered protein state (low secondary structure content). For this experiment, pre-formed fibrils (PFF) were subjected to 10 cycles of sonication prior to UV-CD to ensure solubility prior to measurement.

<p>TEM of Type 2 Alpha Synuclein Fibrils (SPR-317) after 30 cycles of high frequency sonication using a Bioruptor Pico. Negative stain transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images acquired at 80 Kv on carbon coated 400 mesh copper grids using phosphotungstic acid and uranyl acetate stain. Scale bar = 200 nm.</p>

TEM of Type 2 Alpha Synuclein Fibrils (SPR-317) after 30 cycles of high frequency sonication using a Bioruptor Pico. Negative stain transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images acquired at 80 Kv on carbon coated 400 mesh copper grids using phosphotungstic acid and uranyl acetate stain. Scale bar = 200 nm.

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    Based on validation through cited publications.

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    How much is it in China

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